Increase in pressure or hypertension: symptoms and treatment

Hypertension is a disease associated with a periodic or constant increase in blood pressure (blood pressure).For some people, greater pressure is the norm, but this is an exception to the rules and indicators mentioned for most people are pathological.

The causes and the mechanism of the development of hypertension

In a healthy person, the pressure is normal by about 120/80 mm hg.Art.At physiological and chemical levels, the increase in pressure is a natural reaction of the body to any danger or stress.In a critical situation, the adrenaline is thrown into the blood, the heart begins to work faster, the close vessels, the muscles contract and the pressure increases.

Regular stress, experiences, lack of sleep, problems: all this can lead to a chronic pressure increase.However, doctors also call other causes of hypertension: inheritance, overweight or obesity, disorders in the thyroid gland, kidneys, deficiency of magnesium in the body, taking some drugs.

The pathogenesis of hypertension is not completely clarified.The hemodynamic base for the increase in blood pressure is a stern tone increased due to the nerve impulses from the central nervous system along the sympathetic paths.

In addition to the neurogenic mechanism, other mechanisms that increase blood pressure, in particular humoral, can also be activated (in sequence) humoral.

The renal factor associated with acute ischemia is also important.The inclusion of the renal factor contributes to the development of high and stable blood pressure.The well known role in the complex pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension is played by the hormones of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands.

Therefore, two groups of factors can be distinguished in the mechanism to increase blood pressure in hypertension: neurogenic, which have a direct effect on the tone of arterio and humoral arterio, associated with the advanced secretion of catecholamine and some other biologically active substances through the tone of the tone of arteriole and cause a pressing effect.

The hypertension development mechanism is complicated.Many organs and systems are involved in it.The degree of damage to various organs for hypertension can be unequal, therefore different clinical and anatomical variants of hypertension are distinguished: with predominant damage to the vessels of the kidneys, heart and brain.

Symptoms

High blood pressure is blood pressure, which depends on the constant shock of the heart that perform its function of the pump.It gives about 70-90 abbreviations per minute.By measuring blood pressure, we take into account two digits: systolic pressure (at the time of the contraction of the cardiac muscle) and diastolic pressure (at the time of its relaxation).Arterial hypertension is commonly called pressure exceeding 140 by 90, respectively.

With greater pressure, a series of these characteristics is usually observed:

• headache, noise in the ears;
• visual disorders;
• dizziness;
• absent -altity;
• Deterioration of memory;
• drowsiness;
• Blood pressure instability;
• nausea;
• chills;
• swelling of the eyelids, swelling of the face in the morning;
• Heart heartbeat;
• chills, sweating, pulsation in the head;
• redness of the face, internal tension, anxiety, irritability;
• decrease in performance;
• swelling of the limbs, numbness of the fingers;
• Pain in the heart.

If you look at one of these symptoms from time to time, this is not a proof of greater pressure.But if you notice the chronic presence of signs, consult a doctor.

The most common sign indicating the disease is headache.The second most important symptom of greater pressure is the problems with visual perception:

• Dangling in the eyes;
• Unexplication of objects;
• decrease in peripheral vision;
• blindness attacks;
• fog in front of my eyes;
• Reduce reaction to light.

Hypertension and hypertension: what is the difference?

Hypertension is a chronic disease with prolonged and persistent blood pressure and hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure (i.e. not a diagnosis, but the condition of the body).In fact, these terms are the same, only the former indicates the name of the disease and the latter - says the fact of increasing blood pressure.

Hypertension hypertension is characterized by current characteristics.While hypertension is an independent disease, arterial hypertension is a symptom of a pathological state, which manifests itself in a persistent increase in pressure.

Therefore, to say that this is the same, it is possible only in the case of a hypertensive crisis.The crisis itself is characterized by a constant increase in pressure (hypertension) and at the same time occurs due to hypertension.

Hypertension phase

For doctors for the correct diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the stage of hypertension in the patient and make an appropriate record in his medical card.If hypertension is diagnosed late of the patient, that is, at the 2nd or 3rd stadium, the consequences for the patient's body will be more serious than if the treatment of hypertension has begun in the first phase.However, few patients with hypertension in the initial phase are addressed to a doctor or at least they regularly measure blood pressure.

The first stadium

140-150/90 mm hg.Art.When blood pressure floats within these limits, the patient is diagnosed with the first degree (light) of hypertension.Hypertonic crises occur rarely, the disease is not a minor.

The second stage

160-170/100-109 mm hg.Art.- The second (moderate) degree of hypertension.Hypertonic crises are typical.The narrowing of retinal arteries, the hypertrophy of the left ventricle is recorded objectively.

The third phase

200-300/129 mm hg.Art.And above.Serious hypertensive crises (very serious form of hypertension) often develop.The harmful effect causes hypertensive encephalopathy, levo -ventricular deficiency, development of cerebral vases, hemorrhoids and edema of the optical nerve and renal failure and renal failure.

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Doctors argue that the consequences of hypertension are threatening for life with respect to AIDS, cancer and combined tuberculosis.The onset of this disease is that its symptoms are similar to the signs of ordinary overload.Therefore, about half of the hypertension on their disease will learn too late when it is very difficult to treat it and it is almost impossible to stop the destruction processes of the body it has launched.

The danger of hypertension is that it begins as a violation of the setting of blood pressure regulation, but in the future it leads to many serious organs of organs and internal systems, in particular to cardiovascular disorders.An hypertension, which occurs without medical supervision, can lead to a heart attack, an increase in the heart and, ultimately, to heart failure.

The consequences of hypertension are particularly dangerous for those who have factors harmful to the murderous effect on the body of the increase in blood pressure: smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, frequent stress, high level of cholesterol in the body and diabetes.These people increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and renal failure, blindness and various cognitive disorders: reduction of memory, intelligence and performance.

Hypertension is a killer n.1 of all cardiovascular diseases.In the past 25 years, mortality has grown from 98 to 107 people per 100 thousand people.This is an obvious growth.50% of patients are treated quite efficiently, but only 10% reaches the target level of blood pressure, that is, less than 130 for 80.

Which doctor is engaged in the treatment?

With greater pressure, you should go to a specialist.The therapist leads a preliminary examination of the patient, does the necessary tests and determines which doctor to turn further.This function is explained by the fact that the therapist is a specialist in different areas of medicine simultaneously.

After completing a preliminary inspection, the doctor issues a reference for the inspection of other specialists:

• neurologist;
• cardiologist;
• nephrologist;
• Okulist;
• endocrinologist.

Diagnostics

The easiest diagnostic method is the measurement of blood pressure.If there is a stable increase at 140/90 mm hg.Art.And above, this means that there is hypertension.

The increase in pressure is considered stable during repeated measurements (at least 2-3 times in different days for 4 weeks).

The following diagnostic methods are also used to determine the presence of hypertension:

• Urine analysis for proteins and glucose;
• on hemoglobin or hematocrit;
• determination of the creatinine level or an increase in nitrogen in the blood and urine;
• glucose level during hunger;
• electrocardiogram;
• Ultrasound of the heart, kidneys;
• Consultation of an optometrist with a study on bloody vessels.

Blood pressure measurement

Blood pressure measurement with a manual tometer (Korotkov method):

1. The tometer bracelet should be cardiac level (in the center of the chest) 2 cm above the elbow.A finger should pass between the net cap and the hand.The bracelet should cover at least 80% of the shoulder circumference and at least 40% of its length.
2. Place the membrane of the Sounds on the pulsation point of the shoulder artery.
3. Rightly pump the air into the bracelet with a pear (do not forget to close the valve in advance) so that the air does not return to the upper pressure level, 20 mm hg.Art.overcoming systolic (according to the disappearance of the impulse).
4. Slowly release the air from a bracelet at a speed of 2 mm hg.Art.in the sec.The first blow listened to corresponds to the value of the upper pressure.The level of tone comes down corresponds to the lower pressure.If the tones are very weak, you should raise your hand, bend it and straighten it several times and repeat the measurement.

Blood and urine tests

A general blood test or a urine test for hypertension will not be an information.It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease from these indicators, but help to discover the stage of the disease.

From an examination of the general blood, you can know the number of shapes and evaluate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body.

Evaluation of the work of the heart

There are several methods to evaluate the work of the heart:

1. Physical diagnosis involves the study of the heart muscle with the help of a fonondoscope.The doctor "listens" to the heart, reveals noise, rhythm disorder.Based on the results of physical diagnostics, the ECG is prescribed.
2. The ECG (electrocardiogram) is also an evaluation of the work of the heart muscle, only more detailed.This study allows you to identify possible changes over time and completely analyze the work of the heart for a certain period of time.
3. Dopplerography is an effective ultrasound examination that helps determine the condition of the blood that passes through the vessels.
4. Arteriography is a radiological method that evaluates the condition of the arterial walls, reveals atheromatous plates, defects of the arteries.

Inspection of the bottom of the eyes

The eyes, like the heart, are considered a target organ with hypertension, therefore, when greater pressure is diagnosed, an eye is examined on the hyfalmologist.As a rule, with hypertension, in the initial phase, the retinal veins and the narrowing of the artery are expanding.These functional changes are reversible: with the normalization of the pressure, the blood vessels also return to normal.

In the second phase, organic changes occur, the condition worsens.Microanevisms appear, hemorrhage can happen.

In the third phase, the conditions of the optical nerve changes, the acuity and the visual field deteriorate, the visual functions are interrupted.

Ultrasound

For ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenal glands, the kidneys of the kidneys is assessed.Due to the increase in pressure in the organs, the fridge cells of the nephrons that filter liters of blood from the toxins daily.In the end, this can lead to renal failure.

An ultrasound of the kidneys helps to identify volumetric formations in the adrenal glands, serious injuries of the kidney tissue.An ultrasound of the kidney arteries is also prescribed.

How to treat hypertension?

Non -pharmacological methods:

• decrease in body weight to normal;
• Refusal of smoking;
• decrease in alcoholic beverages;
• moderate physical activity (regular walks in fresh air);
• reduction of salt consumption;
• an increase in the diet of vegetable foods rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium;
• Reduce the consumption of animal fats.

Medicinal therapy is prescribed if the methods do not have any effect or the patient has risk factors for the development of diabetes, hypertensive crisis, renal damage and coronary anterosclerosis.

Drugs

The development of hypertension drugs have been underway for more than a dozen years.But today, the problem of the development of new means, more effective and safe to reduce and control the pressure is still acutely of medicine and pharmacology.

Today there is a wider assortment of these drugs, but everyone differs in the type of exposure, efficiency, indications and contraindications.Their cost plays an important role.Therefore, for each patient, the doctor selects an individual pharmacological treatment scheme of hypertension, based mainly on the causes of his presence:

1. Diuretics.These drugs partially block the calcium channels, with a vasodilant effect.They are recommended if there are vascular diseases simultaneously with hypertension, but the means are contraindicated for people who have undergone myocardial infarction.
2. ACE -Inbitatori (enzyme of angiotenzinzinzinoprofing).Reduce the production of an enzyme that stimulates a decrease in the elasticity of the blood vessels.They are very effective, well tolerated by patients with hypertension, they favorably influence the cardiovascular system.They are often recommended after a myocardial infarction, as well as with greater pressure against the background of diabetes.
3. Beta-adrenosaer.Reduce heart rate and reduce their strength.They have a wide range of application and are recommended for Angina pectis, tachycardia, after a heart attack, against the background of heart failure.
4. Medicines for reducing emergency pressure.This includes Motherwort extract, Valerian, Root Peony.

Diet

A special product for hypertension are baked potatoes.This product is rich in potassium, the most important track element that regulates the metabolism of water salt in the body.

The main nutritional elements for hypertension are potassium, calcium, magnesium.These are these trace elements that contribute significantly to a decrease in blood pressure.

The hypertension diet implies the refusal of fast food products, which are usually overloaded with sodium and helps to increase pressure.In addition, the diet should be saturated with products, even rich in calcium and magnesium:

• wheat - bread, rice, wheat of solid varieties;
• dried fruit and sheet metal vegetables;
• low fat and poultry meat;
• Dairy products -Caseari with low fat;
• Walnuts and legumes.

Treats with great caution to fatty foods and desserts.

Doctors say that respect for a diet helps to maintain pressure within normal limits and therefore reduces the risk of blows of almost 40%and heart heart attacks of 30%.

Life

All patients with blood pressure indicators are greater than 120-130 for 80-64 mm hg.Art.You have to urgently change the family style of life and nutrition for them.This consists in limiting smoking and drinking alcohol, the correct collection of a diet full of courses, physical exercises.

A healthy lifestyle for hypertension, as with any chronic disease, is one of the main effective treatment factors.Therefore, changes are considered a critical passage in the processing process, as well as the prevention of arterial hypertension.

Popular remedies

Most patients with hypertension take on special drugs, but you can also fight the disease with the help of well -known popular remedies.Consider some effective recipes:

1. Linseed seeds.They contain a large amount of fatty acids of the Omega-3 group.They contribute to an increase in the level of lipoproteins of the increase in density in the blood, which is a prevention of the increase in cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic complications on the walls of the blood vessels.The body cannot summarize this substance, so it is important to make sure it arrives with food.In flax seeds, the quantity of omega-3 is 25% of the weight more than they are relatively cheap and well absorbed.Take 3 tablespoons per day in chopped form.
2. Tincture of red pine cones.It helps to normalize blood pressure and regulate post states.Tincture is prepared in this way:
• Collect raw materials in the summer months, rinse under running water and pour into a liter jar;
• Pour vodka or alcohol at 40 degrees, then put in a dark place;
• insist 2-3 weeks at room temperature;
• Before starting to take, filter through the gauze, doubled.
• The correctly prepared tincture should be dark red.Take 3 times a day half an hour before meals on a teaspoon.You can mix with water or tea.
3. Garlic.If you take the garlic regularly, this stimulates the blood flow in the vessels, prevents the deposition on their walls of degradation of oxidative liking.The overwhelmed garlic -shaped properties of garlic help prevent blood clots.The constant use of cloves of garlic helps to reduce blood pressure of 7-8%.


You can also cook the infusion of garlic:

• Two garlic teeth are cut thinly and pour a glass of boiled water;
• Let it prepare 12 hours;
• In the morning, drink and prepare a new infusion.
• The course is a month.Take a glass twice a day.
4. Lemon with blueberries and honey.Skit the lemon and mix the spoon with a spoonful of blueberries.Add half a tablespoon of a fresh pink on the ground, a glass of honey and take a spoonful of product in the morning and evening.
5. Plantain.Take 4 tablespoons of crushed planting leaves.Pour a glass of vodka and let the composition prepare for two weeks in a dark place.Filter the mixture and use 30 drops three times a day.

Forecast

The prognosis for hypertension in the sense of absolute recovery is generally unfavorable.Only in the transistor phase is the complete cessation of the further development of the possible disease.However, modern treatment methods allow you to slow down the progression of the disease, prevent the development of complications, relieve the condition of patients and maintain the ability to work for a long time.

The forecast for the renal variant of the course is very unfavorable, especially when the renal arterialosclerosis develops.The forecast has worsened by the adhesion of the atherosclerosis at any phase of hypertension.

Prevention measures for hypertension

Hypertension prevention is divided into primary and secondary.Primary prevention needs healthy: those whose pressure does not yet exceed normal numbers.The complex of healing measures following will help not only for many years to maintain normal pressure, but also to get rid of excess weight and significantly improve overall well -being:

• low level diet;
• limitation of animal fats;
• exercise;
• psychological exhaust;
• refusal of bad habits;
• Weight control.

Secondary measures are intended to retain blood pressure within the norm in hypertensive patients, the exclusion of hypertensive crises and the prevention of complications of the disease.Secondary prevention, the inclusion of psychological training courses that contribute to the moral and emotional exhaust, to the physiotherapy procedures, to the treatment in the sanatoriums, the use of sedatives that improve sleep, the use of traditional medicine (whites, peony, Valerian, motherland) and daily control of the pressure indicators.

If you pay attention to hypertension in a timely manner and start treating it, you can avoid serious consequences.The problems with pressure are solved not only through drugs, but to a greater extent due to a healthy and correct lifestyle and the control of their health.